How Long For Car Paint To Dry?

When automotive paint is dried, it feels soft to touch. That softness would diminish when residual moisture in the paint evaporates from the surface and the paint starts to harden, which is the process called curing. Car paint cure time usually takes 24 hours.

The Basics of Car Paint Drying

Drying paint on cars is an essential part of the process of refinishing your vehicle. Drying properly ensures an even and durable finish that enhances the appearance and safety of the vehicle. Knowing the fundamentals of car painting drying is vital to getting professional outcomes. We’ll look at the main elements of car paint drying that include drying methods as well as the variables that influence drying time, as well as the most effective methods to guarantee a flawless painting job.

Air Drying

Air drying is among the most popular methods to dry car paint. It is the process of permitting the paint to dry naturally through exposure to air at a temperature of room temperature. Air drying is based on the evaporation process of solvents from the paint, which leaves behind a cured and hardened surface. The duration of air drying varies based on the temperature as well as humidity and kind of paint that is that is used. In general, drying by air could take anything from a few hours to several days. It is vital to provide sufficient airflow to speed up the dry process.

Heat-Assisted Drying

A method which speeds up drying through the introduction of heat. This is accomplished with specialized equipment, such as infrared lamps or even heat guns. The heat helps speed the process of vaporization of solvents present in the paint, which reduces the drying time by a significant amount. But, caution must be taken when using heat as excessive heat could result in the painting to blister or bubble. It is vital to follow the instructions and guidelines of the manufacturer to ensure the proper application of heat and avoid damage to the paint.

Drying Factors

There are a variety of factors that affect the time to finish drying of paint for cars. Different kinds of automotive paints, including enamel, acrylic, or urethane, all have different drying properties. It is crucial to adhere to the directions of the manufacturer on drying time and drying conditions for your chosen paint kind. The higher temperatures are generally associated with faster drying because heat speeds up the process of vaporization of solvents. However, extreme temperatures can cause the coating to dry excessively fast and result in a damaged appearance. Ideal drying temperatures are typically between 65-85 degrees Fahrenheit (18 between 29 and 18 degrees Celsius). The humidity levels influence drying times because the high humidity can slow down the process of evaporation. Lower levels of humidity facilitate faster drying. It is suggested to be in a controlled space with humidity levels ranging from 40% and 60% to achieve the best drying conditions. Paint with thicker layers requires longer drying time compared to lighter coats. Applying several thin coats while allowing enough drying time between them aids in uniform drying and helps avoid issues like solvent entrapment and wrinkles. Proper ventilation is vital in the drying process so that solvents can evaporate efficiently. A good airflow assists in removing smoke and aids in a more uniform drying process. You should ensure adequate ventilation in your area to avoid the accumulation of harmful vapors as well as to aid in proper drying.

Best Practices for Car Paint Drying

Always consult the manufacturer’s instructions and guidelines for drying timing, temperature requirements, and recommended drying methods. The importance of patience is when drying paint for cars. A process that is too fast could cause poor outcomes. Be sure to adhere to the recommended drying times per coat, and allow enough time for solvent curing and evaporation. When drying, it is vital to shield the newly painted surface from dirt, dust, or other contaminants. Clean the area, and be sure to keep a safe distance from any dirt from coming into contact with the paint. Be aware of the temperatures and humidity levels within the area of work. Conditions that are extreme can impact drying and can affect your finished paint. Ideally, you should work in a controlled area for optimal drying conditions. When the base coat is dry, and a clear coat is applied, it provides an additional layer of protection for the paint. The clear coat adds a more attractive finish and protects the coating from damage, including UV rays, dirt, and scratches. Although the paint may appear dry, it is crucial to allow enough time for curing before exposing the painted surface to prolonged usage and exposure to severe environments. The time to cure varies based on the type of paint. However, it is usually advised to wait at minimum one week before cleaning or waxing the newly painted surface.

Factors Affecting Car Paint Drying Time

The drying time of paint in cars is a key factor in creating the smooth and long-lasting final. Different factors can affect the drying process, and a thorough understanding of these variables are essential to ensure a successful application. We’ll look at the main elements that influence drying times for car paint, such as the type of paint, temperature, humidity, airflow, thickness, and the application method.

Paint Type

The kind of paint used greatly affects the drying time. The various automotive paints, like enamel, acrylic, or urethane, come with different drying characteristics. Acrylic paints tend to dry quicker than other kinds, while Urethane paints tend to require a longer time to dry. It is essential to read the instructions of the manufacturer and guidelines specific to the particular paint to ensure the proper drying time and to achieve the desired outcomes.

Temperature

Temperature is one of the most important factors that influences the drying time of paint. The higher temperatures speed up drying by encouraging the solvent to evaporate. It is crucial to work in a space that is within the recommended temperature range of the paint you are using. Typically, the ideal temperatures for drying range from 65 to 85°F (18 up to 29 degree Celsius). Extremely high temperatures could cause the painting to dry overly fast, which can cause issues like improper finishing or uneven levels.

Humidity

The humidity of the workspace can have an impact on drying times. The high humidity slows down the process of evaporation of solvents within the paint, causing it to take longer to dry process. However, a lower humidity can facilitate the speedier drying. It is best to work in a controlled area that has a humidity range of 40% and 60% to ensure the best drying conditions. This ensures an efficient solvent evaporation process and helps avoid issues like an uneven finish or blushing.

Airflow

A good airflow in the work area is essential for the effective drying of the paint. A good ventilation system helps eliminate the odors and ensures a consistent drying. Airflow that is adequate ensures that solvents evaporate efficiently and reduces the possibility of solvent entrapment and damage to the paint. It is crucial to ensure that the work area is ventilated and place fans in the right places or use air circulation systems to ensure an adequate flow of air during drying.

Paint Thickness

In addition, the size of the layer is also a factor in drying time. Paint with thicker coats requires a longer time for solvents to evaporate compared to layers that are thinner. Applying multiple thin coats of paint with adequate drying time between aids in an even drying process and avoids problems such as solvent entrapment cracking, or wrinkling. It is crucial to adhere to the guidelines for thickness of paint that are provided by the paint maker to achieve the most efficient drying outcomes.

Application Technique

The method used to apply the paint may affect the drying time. The pattern of the spray, the method of application, and the uniformity of the coat may affect drying time. An effective technique, like keeping your recommended angle and distance while spraying, ensures that the paint is evenly distributed and helps ensure an even drying. Also, avoiding excessive inconsistency or irregular application decreases the chance of long drying times or a slow drying process.

Drying Time for Different Car Parts

When it comes to car Refinishing, knowing the drying times for various automobile parts is vital to getting a good painting job. Many factors affect the time it takes to dry, including the type of paint and temperature, humidity, temperature, and the particular car part that’s being painted. We’ll look at the various drying times for various car parts that include those for the body panel, as well as parts and bumpers, as well as metal surfaces and the trim pieces.

Body Panels

Body panels, including doors, the hood, and fenders, as well as the roofs, are composed of fiberglass or steel. The time to dry for these panels varies depending on the kind of paint used and the weather conditions. In general, the body panel requires a more lengthy drying time than other automotive parts because of their greater surface area. It is crucial to follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for drying times, which can vary from a few hours to a couple of days, in order to ensure that the paint is properly curing and get a durable and smooth surface.

Plastic Components

Components made of plastic, like the bumper, mirrors on the sides, or trims, need particular attention when it comes to drying times. The kind of plastic used and the paint used may affect the drying process. Certain types of plastics might be more likely to hold moisture, which may delay drying time. It is essential to choose a paint that is specifically designed for use on plastic surfaces. Follow the directions of the manufacturer regarding drying time. In certain situations, more drying time or utilization of methods that use heat to dry could be required to ensure adhesion and long-term durability.

Metal Surfaces

Metal surfaces, including the frame or other structural parts, generally dry quicker compared to other parts of a car due to their capacity to transfer heat as well as facilitate solvent evaporation. But, variables such as paint type, thickness, and ambient conditions may affect the time to dry. Paint that is thinner on metal surfaces can dry quickly, whereas thicker coats might require more drying time. It is crucial to keep the recommended drying times to ensure optimal curing and long-lasting durability for the coating on metallic surfaces.

Bumpers

They often require special care due to their material and their potential flexibility. Depending on whether the bumper is constructed of fiberglass or plastic, the time to dry may differ. Particularly, bumpers made of plastic can require a longer time to dry because of their capacity to hold moisture. It is essential to choose a paint that is specifically designed for use on plastic surfaces. Also, follow the directions of the manufacturer for drying time as well as additional actions, such as adhesion promoters or the use of flex agents, when needed. A proper drying process ensures the adhesion and durability of the paint, particularly in areas that are prone to impacts and flexing.

Trim Pieces

The trim pieces, like door handles, moldings, or grille accents, could have smaller areas of surface and may be made of different materials than body panels. The time to dry for the trim pieces can differ according to the material, the paint used, and the specific manufacturer’s guidelines. While certain trim pieces can dry quickly, others might require additional drying time to ensure that they are adhesive and durable. It is crucial to take into consideration the particular properties of the trim pieces and then follow the recommendations of the manufacturer for the best drying time and curing.

Ambient Conditions

The conditions of the work area significantly affect the drying process for various car components. The temperature, as well as humidity, can influence drying processes. Temperatures that are higher generally lead to faster drying since they increase the process of evaporating solvent. However, excessive heat could cause issues like inadequate leveling or a damaged finish. The ideal drying temperature is between 65 and 85 °F (18 up to 29 degree Celsius). Humidity levels can influence drying time, with higher humidity causing slower the rate of evaporation. It is crucial to work in a controlled area with the proper temperatures and humidity levels to ensure the best drying conditions.

Tips for Speeding up Car Paint Drying

Drying the paint in cars is an important element of the automotive refinishing process. While a proper drying process is crucial to ensure a durable and smooth finish, There are some methods and techniques which can accelerate the drying process without damaging its quality. painting. We’ll look at a variety of tips to speed the drying of paint on cars with adequate ventilation, heat-assisted drying techniques, as well as optimal humidity and temperature control, applying thin coats applying fast-drying paint, and using drying aids.

Ensure Proper Ventilation

Proper ventilation is essential for an efficient drying process for paint. Airflow is essential to eliminate fumes and solvents, speeding drying. Make sure that your workspace is equipped with adequate ventilation, for example, windows that are open or have fans to improve the circulation of air and accelerate evaporation of solvents. Ventilation is also essential to keep the formation of harmful vapors, which ensures an environment that is safe for workers.

Use Heat-Assisted Drying Methods

The use of heat-assisted drying techniques can speed up the process of drying paint. Infrared lamps and heat guns are a way to apply precise heat to the paint surface, accelerating the process of solvent elimination. However, care must be used when using heat guns since excessive heat may make the painted surface blister or bubble. It is vital to follow the guidelines and recommendations of the manufacturer for the proper application of heat and to avoid damage to the paint.

Control Temperature and Humidity

Achieving the right temperature and humidity levels is essential to speed up the process of drying paint. Higher temperatures can accelerate the evaporation of solvent, and lower levels of humidity aid in more rapid drying. A controlled atmosphere with humidity and temperature within the recommended ranges can assist in the speed of drying. Try to achieve temperatures of 65 and 85 °F (18 between 29 and 65 degrees Celsius) as well as humidity ranges that range from 40% and 60% for the best drying conditions.

Apply Thin Coats

Application of the paint in thin coatings could drastically reduce drying times. Thicker layers of paint require longer to dry because solvents that are trapped inside the layers require longer to evaporate. Instead, apply several thin coats and allow each coat to dry prior to applying the next. This will speed up the process of solvent evaporation and guarantees proper adhesion and long-lasting. It is essential to follow the recommendations of the manufacturer regarding the number of coats needed and the drying interval between coats.

Choose Fast-Drying Paint

Choosing a formulation that is fast drying will speed up the drying process. Paints with fast drying properties are specially created to have shorter drying times, which allows for rapid solvent evaporation as well as faster curing. Talk to paint manufacturers or suppliers to find the most efficient fast-drying paints for the specific needs of your project. But make sure that the paint you choose to use for fast drying is in compliance with the standards of quality and is suitable for the purpose of use.

Utilize Drying Aids

Drying aids are a great way to increase the effectiveness of drying. These can include additives or other additives to paint that speed up drying or can help avoid issues like blushing and orange peel. Furthermore, drying aids like air movers or dehumidifiers are a great way to lower humidity levels and enhance air circulation, speeding up dry times. It is crucial to adhere to the guidelines and recommendations of the manufacturer when using drying aids in order to ensure their proper use in conjunction with the painting employed.

How Long For Car Paint To Dry?

When automotive paint is dried, it feels soft to touch. That softness would diminish when residual moisture in the paint evaporates from the surface and the paint starts to harden, which is the process called curing. Car paint cure time usually takes 24 hours.

The Basics of Car Paint Drying

Drying paint on cars is an essential part of the process of refinishing your vehicle. Drying properly ensures an even and durable finish that enhances the appearance and safety of the vehicle. Knowing the fundamentals of car painting drying is vital to getting professional outcomes. We’ll look at the main elements of car paint drying that include drying methods as well as the variables that influence drying time, as well as the most effective methods to guarantee a flawless painting job.

Air Drying

Air drying is among the most popular methods to dry car paint. It is the process of permitting the paint to dry naturally through exposure to air at a temperature of room temperature. Air drying is based on the evaporation process of solvents from the paint, which leaves behind a cured and hardened surface. The duration of air drying varies based on the temperature as well as humidity and kind of paint that is that is used. In general, drying by air could take anything from a few hours to several days. It is vital to provide sufficient airflow to speed up the dry process.

Heat-Assisted Drying

A method which speeds up drying through the introduction of heat. This is accomplished with specialized equipment, such as infrared lamps or even heat guns. The heat helps speed the process of vaporization of solvents present in the paint, which reduces the drying time by a significant amount. But, caution must be taken when using heat as excessive heat could result in the painting to blister or bubble. It is vital to follow the instructions and guidelines of the manufacturer to ensure the proper application of heat and avoid damage to the paint.

Drying Factors

There are a variety of factors that affect the time to finish drying of paint for cars. Different kinds of automotive paints, including enamel, acrylic, or urethane, all have different drying properties. It is crucial to adhere to the directions of the manufacturer on drying time and drying conditions for your chosen paint kind. The higher temperatures are generally associated with faster drying because heat speeds up the process of vaporization of solvents. However, extreme temperatures can cause the coating to dry excessively fast and result in a damaged appearance. Ideal drying temperatures are typically between 65-85 degrees Fahrenheit (18 between 29 and 18 degrees Celsius). The humidity levels influence drying times because the high humidity can slow down the process of evaporation. Lower levels of humidity facilitate faster drying. It is suggested to be in a controlled space with humidity levels ranging from 40% and 60% to achieve the best drying conditions. Paint with thicker layers requires longer drying time compared to lighter coats. Applying several thin coats while allowing enough drying time between them aids in uniform drying and helps avoid issues like solvent entrapment and wrinkles. Proper ventilation is vital in the drying process so that solvents can evaporate efficiently. A good airflow assists in removing smoke and aids in a more uniform drying process. You should ensure adequate ventilation in your area to avoid the accumulation of harmful vapors as well as to aid in proper drying.

Best Practices for Car Paint Drying

Always consult the manufacturer’s instructions and guidelines for drying timing, temperature requirements, and recommended drying methods. The importance of patience is when drying paint for cars. A process that is too fast could cause poor outcomes. Be sure to adhere to the recommended drying times per coat, and allow enough time for solvent curing and evaporation. When drying, it is vital to shield the newly painted surface from dirt, dust, or other contaminants. Clean the area, and be sure to keep a safe distance from any dirt from coming into contact with the paint. Be aware of the temperatures and humidity levels within the area of work. Conditions that are extreme can impact drying and can affect your finished paint. Ideally, you should work in a controlled area for optimal drying conditions. When the base coat is dry, and a clear coat is applied, it provides an additional layer of protection for the paint. The clear coat adds a more attractive finish and protects the coating from damage, including UV rays, dirt, and scratches. Although the paint may appear dry, it is crucial to allow enough time for curing before exposing the painted surface to prolonged usage and exposure to severe environments. The time to cure varies based on the type of paint. However, it is usually advised to wait at minimum one week before cleaning or waxing the newly painted surface.

Factors Affecting Car Paint Drying Time

The drying time of paint in cars is a key factor in creating the smooth and long-lasting final. Different factors can affect the drying process, and a thorough understanding of these variables are essential to ensure a successful application. We’ll look at the main elements that influence drying times for car paint, such as the type of paint, temperature, humidity, airflow, thickness, and the application method.

Paint Type

The kind of paint used greatly affects the drying time. The various automotive paints, like enamel, acrylic, or urethane, come with different drying characteristics. Acrylic paints tend to dry quicker than other kinds, while Urethane paints tend to require a longer time to dry. It is essential to read the instructions of the manufacturer and guidelines specific to the particular paint to ensure the proper drying time and to achieve the desired outcomes.

Temperature

Temperature is one of the most important factors that influences the drying time of paint. The higher temperatures speed up drying by encouraging the solvent to evaporate. It is crucial to work in a space that is within the recommended temperature range of the paint you are using. Typically, the ideal temperatures for drying range from 65 to 85°F (18 up to 29 degree Celsius). Extremely high temperatures could cause the painting to dry overly fast, which can cause issues like improper finishing or uneven levels.

Humidity

The humidity of the workspace can have an impact on drying times. The high humidity slows down the process of evaporation of solvents within the paint, causing it to take longer to dry process. However, a lower humidity can facilitate the speedier drying. It is best to work in a controlled area that has a humidity range of 40% and 60% to ensure the best drying conditions. This ensures an efficient solvent evaporation process and helps avoid issues like an uneven finish or blushing.

Airflow

A good airflow in the work area is essential for the effective drying of the paint. A good ventilation system helps eliminate the odors and ensures a consistent drying. Airflow that is adequate ensures that solvents evaporate efficiently and reduces the possibility of solvent entrapment and damage to the paint. It is crucial to ensure that the work area is ventilated and place fans in the right places or use air circulation systems to ensure an adequate flow of air during drying.

Paint Thickness

In addition, the size of the layer is also a factor in drying time. Paint with thicker coats requires a longer time for solvents to evaporate compared to layers that are thinner. Applying multiple thin coats of paint with adequate drying time between aids in an even drying process and avoids problems such as solvent entrapment cracking, or wrinkling. It is crucial to adhere to the guidelines for thickness of paint that are provided by the paint maker to achieve the most efficient drying outcomes.

Application Technique

The method used to apply the paint may affect the drying time. The pattern of the spray, the method of application, and the uniformity of the coat may affect drying time. An effective technique, like keeping your recommended angle and distance while spraying, ensures that the paint is evenly distributed and helps ensure an even drying. Also, avoiding excessive inconsistency or irregular application decreases the chance of long drying times or a slow drying process.

Drying Time for Different Car Parts

When it comes to car Refinishing, knowing the drying times for various automobile parts is vital to getting a good painting job. Many factors affect the time it takes to dry, including the type of paint and temperature, humidity, temperature, and the particular car part that’s being painted. We’ll look at the various drying times for various car parts that include those for the body panel, as well as parts and bumpers, as well as metal surfaces and the trim pieces.

Body Panels

Body panels, including doors, the hood, and fenders, as well as the roofs, are composed of fiberglass or steel. The time to dry for these panels varies depending on the kind of paint used and the weather conditions. In general, the body panel requires a more lengthy drying time than other automotive parts because of their greater surface area. It is crucial to follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for drying times, which can vary from a few hours to a couple of days, in order to ensure that the paint is properly curing and get a durable and smooth surface.

Plastic Components

Components made of plastic, like the bumper, mirrors on the sides, or trims, need particular attention when it comes to drying times. The kind of plastic used and the paint used may affect the drying process. Certain types of plastics might be more likely to hold moisture, which may delay drying time. It is essential to choose a paint that is specifically designed for use on plastic surfaces. Follow the directions of the manufacturer regarding drying time. In certain situations, more drying time or utilization of methods that use heat to dry could be required to ensure adhesion and long-term durability.

Metal Surfaces

Metal surfaces, including the frame or other structural parts, generally dry quicker compared to other parts of a car due to their capacity to transfer heat as well as facilitate solvent evaporation. But, variables such as paint type, thickness, and ambient conditions may affect the time to dry. Paint that is thinner on metal surfaces can dry quickly, whereas thicker coats might require more drying time. It is crucial to keep the recommended drying times to ensure optimal curing and long-lasting durability for the coating on metallic surfaces.

Bumpers

They often require special care due to their material and their potential flexibility. Depending on whether the bumper is constructed of fiberglass or plastic, the time to dry may differ. Particularly, bumpers made of plastic can require a longer time to dry because of their capacity to hold moisture. It is essential to choose a paint that is specifically designed for use on plastic surfaces. Also, follow the directions of the manufacturer for drying time as well as additional actions, such as adhesion promoters or the use of flex agents, when needed. A proper drying process ensures the adhesion and durability of the paint, particularly in areas that are prone to impacts and flexing.

Trim Pieces

The trim pieces, like door handles, moldings, or grille accents, could have smaller areas of surface and may be made of different materials than body panels. The time to dry for the trim pieces can differ according to the material, the paint used, and the specific manufacturer’s guidelines. While certain trim pieces can dry quickly, others might require additional drying time to ensure that they are adhesive and durable. It is crucial to take into consideration the particular properties of the trim pieces and then follow the recommendations of the manufacturer for the best drying time and curing.

Ambient Conditions

The conditions of the work area significantly affect the drying process for various car components. The temperature, as well as humidity, can influence drying processes. Temperatures that are higher generally lead to faster drying since they increase the process of evaporating solvent. However, excessive heat could cause issues like inadequate leveling or a damaged finish. The ideal drying temperature is between 65 and 85 °F (18 up to 29 degree Celsius). Humidity levels can influence drying time, with higher humidity causing slower the rate of evaporation. It is crucial to work in a controlled area with the proper temperatures and humidity levels to ensure the best drying conditions.

Tips for Speeding up Car Paint Drying

Drying the paint in cars is an important element of the automotive refinishing process. While a proper drying process is crucial to ensure a durable and smooth finish, There are some methods and techniques which can accelerate the drying process without damaging its quality. painting. We’ll look at a variety of tips to speed the drying of paint on cars with adequate ventilation, heat-assisted drying techniques, as well as optimal humidity and temperature control, applying thin coats applying fast-drying paint, and using drying aids.

Ensure Proper Ventilation

Proper ventilation is essential for an efficient drying process for paint. Airflow is essential to eliminate fumes and solvents, speeding drying. Make sure that your workspace is equipped with adequate ventilation, for example, windows that are open or have fans to improve the circulation of air and accelerate evaporation of solvents. Ventilation is also essential to keep the formation of harmful vapors, which ensures an environment that is safe for workers.

Use Heat-Assisted Drying Methods

The use of heat-assisted drying techniques can speed up the process of drying paint. Infrared lamps and heat guns are a way to apply precise heat to the paint surface, accelerating the process of solvent elimination. However, care must be used when using heat guns since excessive heat may make the painted surface blister or bubble. It is vital to follow the guidelines and recommendations of the manufacturer for the proper application of heat and to avoid damage to the paint.

Control Temperature and Humidity

Achieving the right temperature and humidity levels is essential to speed up the process of drying paint. Higher temperatures can accelerate the evaporation of solvent, and lower levels of humidity aid in more rapid drying. A controlled atmosphere with humidity and temperature within the recommended ranges can assist in the speed of drying. Try to achieve temperatures of 65 and 85 °F (18 between 29 and 65 degrees Celsius) as well as humidity ranges that range from 40% and 60% for the best drying conditions.

Apply Thin Coats

Application of the paint in thin coatings could drastically reduce drying times. Thicker layers of paint require longer to dry because solvents that are trapped inside the layers require longer to evaporate. Instead, apply several thin coats and allow each coat to dry prior to applying the next. This will speed up the process of solvent evaporation and guarantees proper adhesion and long-lasting. It is essential to follow the recommendations of the manufacturer regarding the number of coats needed and the drying interval between coats.

Choose Fast-Drying Paint

Choosing a formulation that is fast drying will speed up the drying process. Paints with fast drying properties are specially created to have shorter drying times, which allows for rapid solvent evaporation as well as faster curing. Talk to paint manufacturers or suppliers to find the most efficient fast-drying paints for the specific needs of your project. But make sure that the paint you choose to use for fast drying is in compliance with the standards of quality and is suitable for the purpose of use.

Utilize Drying Aids

Drying aids are a great way to increase the effectiveness of drying. These can include additives or other additives to paint that speed up drying or can help avoid issues like blushing and orange peel. Furthermore, drying aids like air movers or dehumidifiers are a great way to lower humidity levels and enhance air circulation, speeding up dry times. It is crucial to adhere to the guidelines and recommendations of the manufacturer when using drying aids in order to ensure their proper use in conjunction with the painting employed.